منابع مشابه
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I describe a simple modification which can be applied to any citation count-based index (e.g. Hirsch’s h-index) quantifying a researcher’s publication output. The key idea behind the proposed approach is that the merit for the citations of a paper should be distributed amongst its authors according to their relative contributions. In addition to producing inherently fairer metrics I show that t...
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In this paper, we consider an issue of great interest to all students: fairness in grading. Specifically, we represent each grade as a student’s intrinsic (overall) aptitude minus a correction representing the course’s inherent difficulty plus a statistical error. We consider two statistical methods for assigning an aptitude to each student and, simultaneously, a measure of difficulty to each c...
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Surprisingly, nearly every school district that utilizes a centralized assignment procedure makes a Pareto inefficient assignment. The two objections to the standard efficient algorithm, Top Trading Cycles (TTC), are that it makes unfair assignments and that it allows students to trade school-specific priorities. This paper identifies two shortcomings of TTC: students may trade even after they ...
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The Federal Court of Appeal recently rendered its judgment in Citibank15 and affirmed the Tax Court of Canada’s earlier decision.16 The issue in Citibank was whether certain shares constituted “term preferred shares,” as defined in subsection 248(1) of the Act. Where a specified financial institution (SFI) acquires term preferred shares in the ordinary course of business, subsection 112(2.1) of...
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From light-skinned deities depicted in ancient religious tableaux, pearl-swallowing practices in China, turmeric ceremonies in India to clay application in Africa, history has been coloured by our questionable aversion to the darker shades. Complexion has assumed psychological, economic and political currency with continued growth in the desire for skin lighteners sweeping the boundaries of cou...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Science
سال: 2021
ISSN: 0036-8075,1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6545.903